Brief Amicus Curiae of the American Psychological Association in Support of Respondents, Grutter v. Bollinger/Gratz v. Bollinger, Nos. 02-241 & 02-516, available in PDF.

Brief of the American Sociological Association, et al., as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents, Grutter v. Bollinger/Gratz v. Bollinger, Nos. 02-241 & 02-516, available in PDF.

Brief of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) and the American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO, as Amici Curiae in Support of Neither Party, Piscataway, N.J., Township Board Of Education v. Taxman, No. 96-679, available at 1997 WL 528594 (1997)

Redefining Discrimination: Using Social Cognition Theory to Challenge the Faulty Assumptions of the “Intent Doctrine” in Anti-Discrimination Law, Strategic Paper for the Justice Collective: A Center for Race Theory In Action, 2003, available in password-protected PDF (email for password).

Dig Deeper: Test Yourself for Hidden Bias, a website providing links to Implicit Association Tests (IAT) that measure unconscious bias.

Erica Goode, "With Video Games, Researchers Link Guns to Stereotypes," New York Times, Dec. 10, 2002, (describing study that showed that, when asked to make split-second decisions about whether black or white male figures in a video game were holding guns, people were more likely to conclude mistakenly that the black men were armed and to shoot them), available online.